Sloka & Translation

[Lamentations of Dasaratha--Sumantra fetches the chariot at the command of the king treasury officer gives valuable ornaments and garments to Sita--Kausalya instructs Sita on the obligations of a wife towards her husband-- Rama seeks leave of his other mothers.]

रामस्य तु वचः शृत्वा मुनिवेशधरं च तम्।

समीक्ष्य सह भार्याभी राजा विगतचेतनः।।2.39.1।।

नैनं दुःखेन सन्तप्तः प्रत्यवैक्षत राघवम्।

न चैनमभिसम्प्रेक्ष्य प्रत्यभाषत दुर्मनाः।।2.39.2।।

भार्याभिः सह with his wives, राजा king, रामस्य Rama's, वचः words, श्रुत्वा having heard, मुनिवेशधरम् dressed like an ascetic, तम् him, समीक्ष्य च beholding, विगतचेतन unconscious, दुःखेन with grief, सन्तप्तः tormented, एनम् this, राघवम् Rama, न प्रत्यवैक्षत could not look at, दुर्मनाः dejected mind, एनम् him, अभिसम्प्रेक्ष्य having looked at, न प्रत्यभाषत च did not reply.

After hearing Rama and beholding him in the robes of an ascetic, Dasaratha and his wives fell unconscious. With his body and mind afflicted with grief, Dasaratha could not look Rama in the face nor could he make a reply.

रामस्य तु वचः शृत्वा मुनिवेशधरं च तम्।

समीक्ष्य सह भार्याभी राजा विगतचेतनः।।2.39.1।।

नैनं दुःखेन सन्तप्तः प्रत्यवैक्षत राघवम्।

न चैनमभिसम्प्रेक्ष्य प्रत्यभाषत दुर्मनाः।।2.39.2।।

स मुहूर्तमिवासंज्ञो दुःखितश्च महीपतिः।

विललाप महाबाहू राममेवानुचिन्तयन्।।2.39.3।।

महाबाहुः mightyarmed, सः महीपतिः that Lord of the world (king), मुहूर्तम् for a moment, असंज्ञः इव almost unconscious, दुःखितश्च grieved, रामम् एव Rama alone, अनुचिन्तयन् while brooding, विललाप lamented.

The mightyarmed king lost consciousness for a moment and in grief lamented, brooding only over Rama.

मन्ये खलु मया पूर्वं विवत्सा बहवःकृताः।

प्राणिनो हिंसिता वापि तस्मादिदमुपस्थितम्।।2.39.4।।

मया by me, पूर्वम् in the past, बहवः many, विवत्साः deprived of children, कृताः have been reduced, वापि or, प्राणिनः living beings, हिंसिताः are harmed, तस्मात् therefore, इदम् this, उपस्थितम् has befallen, मन्ये खलु I deem.

'In the past I must have separated many from their children or harmed many living beings. That is why I think this calamity has befallen me.

न त्वेवानागते काले देहाच्च्यवति जीवितम्।

कैकेय्या क्लिश्यमानस्य मृत्युर्मम न विद्यते।।2.39.5।।

योऽहं पावकसङ्काशं पश्यामि पुरतः स्थितम्।

विहाय वसने सूक्ष्मे तापसाच्छादमात्मजम्।।2.39.6।।

काले when the time, अनागते has not come yet, देहात् from body, जीवितम् life, न च्यवति does not leave, यः अहम् such as I am, सूक्ष्मे fine, वसने clothes, विहाय having removed, तापसाच्छादम् wearing the robes of an ascetic, पावकसङ्काशम् like fire, आत्मजम् son, पुरतः स्थितम् standing before me, पश्यामि I, कैकेय्या by Kaikeyi, क्लिश्यमानस्य while being tormented, मम to me, मृत्युः death, न विद्यते does not come.

Unless the destined hour arrives, life does not leave the body. Therefore, even though I am tormented by Kaikeyi and even after seeing my son, standing before me, (bright) like fire, taking off his fine clothes and wearing the robes of an ascetic my end does not come.

एकस्याः खलु कैकेय्याः कृतेऽयं क्लिश्यते जनः।

स्वार्थे प्रयतमानायाः संश्रित्य निकृतिं त्विमाम्।।2.39.7।।

इमाम् this, निकृतिम् deception, संश्रित्य resorting to, स्वार्थे for selfish ends, प्रयतमानायाः in
pursuit of, एकस्याः only one, कैकेय्याः कृतेः for Kaikeyi, अयं जनः these people, क्लिश्यते are suffering.

Only because of Kaikeyi who resorted to this deception in pursuit of selfish ends so many people are made to suffer.

एवमुक्त्वा तु वचनं बाष्पेण पिहितेन्द्रियः।

रामेति सकृदेवोक्त्वा व्याहर्तुं न शशाक ह।।2.39.8।।

एवम् in this manner, वचनम् words, उक्त्वा having uttered, बाष्पेण with tears, पिहितेन्द्रियः with blurred vision, रामेति saying 'O Rama', सकृदेव only once, उक्त्वा having said, व्याहर्तुम् to speak, न शशाक ह was not able.

Having uttered these words and muttering, 'O Rama' only once, his vision blurred by tears, he could speak no more.

संज्ञां तु प्रतिलभ्यैव मुहूर्तात्स महीपतिः।

नेत्राभ्यामश्रुपूर्णाभ्यां सुमन्त्रमिदमब्रवीत्।।2.39.9।।

सः महीपतिः that Lord of the world (king), मुहूर्तात् after a moment, संज्ञाम् senses, प्रतिलभ्यैव having regained, अश्रुपूर्णाभ्याम् filled with tears, नेत्राभ्याम् with eyes, सुमन्त्रम् to Sumanatra, इदम् these words, अब्रवीत् spoke.

Regaining his senses in a moment, the king, with eyes filled with tears, said to Sumantra:

औपवाह्यं रथं युक्त्वा त्वमायाहि हयोत्तमैः।

प्रापयैनं महाभागमितो जनपदात्परम्।।2.39.10।।

त्वम् you, औपवाह्यम् suitable for the journey, रथम् chariot, हयोत्तमैः with finest horses, युक्त्वा having harnessed, आयाहि you shall come, एनम् this, महाभागम् magnanimous, इतः from here, जनपदात् this city, परम् place situated outside, प्रापय reach.

Harness the finest horses to the chariot suitable for the journey, drive this magnanimous Rama to a place outside the city, and come back.

एवं मन्ये गुणवतां गुणानां फलमुच्यते।

पित्रा मात्रा च यत्साधुर्वीरो निर्वास्यते वनम्।।2.39.11।।

गुणवताम् of virtuous men, गुणानाम् of virtues, फलम् reward, एवम् this only, उच्यते is said, मन्ये I think, यत् since, साधुः pious man, वीरः heroic, पित्रा by father, मात्रा च by mother, वनम् to the forest, निर्वास्यते is being banished.

That the pious and heroic son is banished by his parents to the forest is, I think, the reward to the virtuous for his virtues.

राज्ञो वचनमाज्ञाय सुमन्त्रः शीघ्रविक्रमः।

योजयित्वाऽययौ तत्र रथमश्वैरलङ्कृतम्।।2.39.12।।

राज्ञः the king's, वचनम् words, आज्ञाय having known, सुमन्त्रः Sumantra, शीघ्रविक्रमः of swift steps, अलङ्कृतम् decorated, रथम् chariot, अश्वैः with horses, योजयित्वा yoked, तत्र there, आययौ came.

In obedience to the words of the king, Sumantra promptly harnessed the horses to a welldecorated chariot and brought it there.

तं रथं राजपुत्राय सूत: कनकभूषितम्।

आचचक्षेऽञ्जलिं कृत्वा युक्तं परमवाजिभिः।।2.39.13।।

सूतः the charioteer (Sumantra), अञ्जलिं कृत्वा with folded palms, राजपुत्राय the king's son, कनकभूषितम् decked in gold, परमवाजिभिः with excellent horses, युक्तम् harnessed, तं रथम् that chariot, आचचक्षे informed.

With folded palms Sumantra informed the prince that a chariot, decked in gold and
harnessed with excellent horses, is ready.

राजा सत्वरमाहूय व्यापृतं वित्तसंञ्चये।

उवाच देशकालज्ञो निश्चितं सर्वत श्शुचिम्।।2.39.14।।

राजा the king, देशकालज्ञो aware of (the right) place and time, निश्चितम् firm, सर्वतः in every way, शुचिम् honest, वित्तसञ्चये in the treasury, व्यापृतम् working as officer, सत्वरम् hurriedly, आहूय having summoned, उवाच said.

The king who was aware of the right place and time summoned hurriedly the treaury officer, who was firm and honest and said to him:

वासांसि च महार्हाणि भूषणानि वराणि च।

वर्षाण्येतानि सङ्ख्याय वैदेह्याः क्षिप्रमानय।।2.39.15।।

एतानि these, वर्षाणि years, सङ्ख्याय calculating, वैदेह्याः for the princess of Videha (Sita), महार्हाणि highly valuable, वासांसि च garments, वराणि excellent, भूषणानि च ornaments, क्षिप्रम् quickly, आनय fetch.

Assess the (needs for) number of years the princess of Videha (Sita) is going to be in the forest, and fetch her quickly highly valuable garments and excellent ornaments.

नरेन्द्रेणैवमुक्तस्तु गत्वा कोशगृहं ततः।

प्रायच्छत्सर्वमाहृत्य सीतायै सममेव तत्।।2.39.16।।

नरेन्द्रेण by the king, एवम् thus, उक्तः spoken to, ततः then, कोशगृहम् to the treasury, गत्वा having gone, सर्वम् all those things, आहृत्य having brought, तत् that, सममेव wholly, सीतायै for Sita, प्रायच्छत् gave.

Ordered thus by the king, the officer went to the treasury, collected all the things and presented them to Sita.

सा सुजाता सुजातानि वैदेही प्रस्थिता वनम्।

भूषयामास गात्राणि तैर्विचित्रैर्विभूषणैः।।2.39.17।।

वनम् to the forest, प्रस्थिता ready to depart, सुजाता of noble birth, सा वैदेहि that princess from Videha (Sita), सुजातानि beautiful, गात्राणि limbs, विचित्रैः sparkling, तैः विभूषणैः those ornaments, भूषयामास adorned.

That princess of noble birth from Videha adorned her beautiful limbs with the sparkling ornaments and got ready to depart for the forest.

व्यराजयत वैदेही वेश्म तत्सुविभूषिता।

उद्यतोंऽशुमतः काले खं प्रभेव विवस्वतः।।2.39.18।।

सुविभूषिता well adorned, वैदेही Sita, तत् वेश्म that palace, काले at dawn, उद्यतः rising, विवस्वतः Sun's, प्रभा light, खमिव like sky, व्यराजयत got illumined.

Welladorned Sita illumined the palace like the rising Sun lighting up the sky at dawn.

तां भुजाभ्यां परिष्वज्य श्वश्रूर्वचनमब्रवीत्।

अनाचरन्ती कृपणं मूर्ध्न्युपाघ्राय मैथिलीम्।।2.39.19।।

श्वश्रूः motherinlaw ( Kausalya), कृपणम् compassionately, अनाचरन्तीम् not acting, तां मैथिलीम् that princess from Mithila (Sita), भुजाभ्याम् with arms, परिष्वज्य having embraced, मूर्ध्नि on the forehead, उपाघ्राय after kissing, अब्रवीत् said.

Kausalya, Sita's motherinlaw, took her in her arms, embraced her, kissed her on the forehead, and said to her who conducted herself without evoking any pity.

असत्य स्सर्वलोकेऽस्मिन्सततं सत्कृताः प्रियैः।

भर्तारं नानुमन्यन्ते विनिपातगतं स्त्रियः।।2.39.20।।

अस्मिन् in this, सर्वलोके in all the worlds, असत्यः untrue, स्त्रियः women, प्रियैः by husbands, सततम् at all times, सत्कृताः though honoured, विनिपातगतम् fallen into misfortunes, भर्तारम् husband, नानुमन्यन्ते do not agree (follow).

Those women who, although always gratified, do not follow their husband when they fall into misfortune, are regarded as unfaithful.

एष स्वभावो नारीणामनुभूय पुरा सुखम्।

अल्पामप्यापदं प्राप्य दुष्यन्ति प्रजहत्यपि।।2.39.21।।

पुरा earlier, सुखम् pleasures, अनुभूय having enjoyed, अल्पामपि though in small measure, आपदम् trouble, प्राप्य having obtained, दुष्यन्ति censure them, प्रजहत्यपि or even abandon them, एषः this, नारीणाम् women's, स्वभावः nature.

Though they have enjoyed all pleasures (with their husbands) earlier, they censure them in the wake of the slightest trouble or even abandon them. This is the nature of women.

असत्यशीला विकृता दुर्ग्राह्यहृदयास्सदा।

युवत्यः पापसंङ्कल्पाः क्षणमात्राद्विरागिणः।।2.39.22।।

पापसङ्कल्पाः evilminded, युवत्यः young ladies, असत्यशीलाः infidel, विकृताः perverted ones, तथा also, दुर्ग्राह्यहृदयाः hard to read their hearts, क्षणमात्रात् in an instant, विरागिणः are devoid of affection.

Evilminded young ladies are infidels. They are of perverted nature. They are inscrutable. In an instant they lose their love (for their husbands).

न कुलं न कृतं विद्या न दत्तं नापि सङ्ग्रहः।

स्त्रीणां गृह्णाति हृदयमनित्यहृदया हि ताः।।2.39.23।।

स्त्रीणाम् women's, हृदयम् heart, कुलम् family tradition, न गृह्णाति does not attract, कृतम् benefit received, न not, विद्या education, दत्तम् gifts, न not, सङ्ग्रहः अपि not even accumulated wealth, न not, ताः those, अनित्यहृदयाः हि unstable minds indeed.

Neither family traditions nor benefits received, nor education nor affection nor gifts nor even accumulated wealth attract women's hearts. Their minds are unstable indeed.

साध्वीनां हि स्थितानां तु शीले सत्ये श्रुते शमे।

स्त्रीणां पवित्रं परमं पतिरेको विशिष्यते।।2.39.24।।

तु but, शीले in chastity, सत्ये in truth, श्रुते in scriptures, शमे in stability, स्थितानाम् remaining fixed, साध्वीनाम् of virtuous ones, स्त्रीणाम् women, एकः only, पतिः husband, परमम् supreme, पवित्रम् as holy, विशिष्यते is distinguished.

But for those virtuous women whose minds are fixed in chastity, truth, scriptures and stability, the husband occupies a distinguished place and is considered supremely holy.

स त्वया नावमन्तव्यः पुत्रः प्रव्राजितो मम।

तव दैवतमस्त्वेष निर्धनः सधनोऽपि वा।।2.39.25।।

प्रव्राजितः exiled, मम my, सः पुत्रः son, त्वया by you, नावमन्तव्यः is not to be underestimated, निर्धनः without wealth, सधनोऽपि वा or with wealth, एषः he, तव your, दैवम् अस्तु be your god.

You must not underestimate my son in his exile. You must treat him as your god whether he is wealthy or not.

विज्ञाय वचनं सीता तस्या धर्मार्थसंहितम्।

कृताञ्जलिरुवाचेदं श्वश्रूमभिमुखे स्थिताम्।।2.39.26।।

सीता Sita, तस्याः her, धर्मार्थसंहितम् in conformity with dharma and artha, वचनम् words, विज्ञाय having understood, कृताञ्जलिः with folded palms, अभिमुखे facing her, स्थिताम् standing, श्वश्रूम् to her motherinlaw, इदम् this word, उवाच said.

Sita who understood the import of these words which were in conformity with dharma and artha, repiled to her motherinlaw facing her with folded palms:

करिष्ये सर्वमेवाहमार्या यदनुशास्ति माम्।

अभिज्ञास्मि यथा भर्तुर्वर्तितव्यं श्रुतं च मे।।2.39.27।।

आर्या venerable one, यथा as, माम् me, अनुशास्ति instructing, सर्वमेव all that, अहम् I, करिष्ये shall do, भर्तुः in relation to my husband, यथा how, वर्तितव्यम् should conduct
myself, अभिज्ञा अस्मि I am aware, मे श्रुतं च I have heard it earlier.

I shall do exactly all that the venerable motherinlaw instructs me. I have heard it earlier and have fully understood as to how I should conduct myself towards my husband.

न मामसज्जनेनार्या समानयितुमर्हति।

धर्माद्विचलितुं नाहमलं चन्द्रादिव प्रभा।।2.39.28।।

आर्या the worshipful lady, माम् me, असज्जनेन with wicked people, समानयितुम् to equate, न अर्हति not fit for, अहम् I, प्रभा radiance, चन्द्रादिव like from the Moon, धर्मात् from virtue,
विचलितुम् to swerve, नालम् I cannot.

My worshipful motherinlaw should not equate me with wicked people (women). I cannot swerve from the path of virtue like radiance which never leaves the Moon.

नातन्त्री वाद्यते वीणा नाचक्रो वर्तते रथः।

नापतिस्सुखमेधेत या स्यादपि शतात्मजा।।2.39.29।।

अतन्त्री without strings, वीणा veena (lute), न वाद्यते cannot be played, अचक्रः without
wheels, रथ: a chariot, न वर्तते does not move, अपतिः without husband, शतात्मजा a hundred sons, स्यादपि even if she has, सुखम् happiness, न एधेत one does not flourish.

A veena (lute) sans strings cannot be played. A chariot without wheels cannot move. Similarly, a woman without her husband finds no happiness even though she has one hundred sons.

मितं ददाति हि पिता मितं माता मितं सुतः।

अमितस्य हि दातारं भर्तारं का न पूजयेत्।।2.39.30।।

पिता father, मितम् to a limited extent, ददाति हि gives, माता mother, सुतः son, अमितस्य unlimited extent, दातारम् giver, भर्तारम् husband, न पूजयेत् who will not worship?

While the happiness that the father, mother and son give is limited, a husband gives unlimited happiness. Which wife will not worship such a husband?

साहमेवं गता श्रेष्ठा श्रुतधर्मपरावरा।

आर्ये किमवमन्येऽहं स्त्रीणां भर्ता हि दैवतम्।।2.39.31।।

आर्ये O exalted lady, एवं गता one with these (ideals), श्रेष्ठा an eminent woman, श्रुतधर्मपरावरा having been instructed in ordinary and special obligations, सा अहम् I, किम् why, अवमन्येयम् understimate him, स्त्रीणाम् for women, भर्ता husband, दैवतं हि is god indeed.

Instructed about my obligations by an eminent lady (her mother?), imbued with these ideals, how can I, O exalted one, underestimate him (my husband)? For a woman the husband is a god indeed

सीताया वचनं श्रुत्वा कौशल्या हृदयङ्गमम्।

शुद्धसत्त्वा मुमोचाश्रु सहसा दुःखहर्षजम्।।2.39.32।।

कौशल्या Kausalya, हृदयङ्गमम् heartstirring, सीतायाः Sita's, वचनम् words, श्रुत्वा having heard, शुद्धसत्त्वा with purified mind, सहसा instantaneously, दुःखहर्षजम् produced out of joy
and grief, अश्रु tears, मुमोच shed.

Listening to the heartstirring words of Sita, Kausalya with her heart so pure burst instantaneously into tears of joy and grief.

तां प्राञ्जलिरभिक्रम्य मातृमध्येऽतिसत्कृताम्।

रामः परमधर्मात्मा मातरं वाक्यमब्रवीत्।।2.39.33।।

परमधर्मात्मा extremely virtuous, रामः Rama, मातृमध्ये in the midst of his mothers, अतिसत्कृताम् highly revered lady, ताम् that, मातरम् to mother (Kausalya), प्राञ्जलिः with folded hands, अभिक्रम्य having approached, वाक्यम् words, अब्रवीत् said.

Most virtuous Rama approached his mother, that highly revered lady among all his mothers, and with folded hands said:

अम्ब मा दुःखिता भूस्त्वं पश्य त्वं पितरं मम।।

क्षयो हि वनवासस्य क्षिप्रमेव भविष्यति।।2.39.34।।

अम्ब O mother, त्वम् you, दुःखिता मा भूः do not grieve, त्वम् you, मम पितरम् my father, पश्य look after, वनवासस्य of my exile in the forest, क्षयः end, क्षिप्रमेव quickly, भविष्यति will come.

O mother, do not grieve. Look after my father. My stay in the forest will soon come to an end.

सुप्तायास्ते गमिष्यन्ति नव वर्षाणि पञ्च च।

सा समग्रमिह प्राप्तं मां द्रक्ष्यसि सुहृद्वृतम्।।2.39.35।।

ते you, सुप्तायाः while asleep, नव पञ्च च nine plus five (fourteen), वर्षाणि years, गमिष्यन्ति will pass off, सा you, इह here, (सम्) प्राप्तम् have arrived, सुहृद्वृतम् surrounded by my friends, समग्रम् completely, माम् me, द्रक्ष्यसि will see.

Fourteen years will pass off like a night's sleep. You will see me come home safe
and sound, surrounded by my friends.

एतावदभिनीतार्थमुक्त्वा स जननीं वचः।

त्रयश्शतशतार्धाश्च ददर्शा वेक्ष्य मातरः।।2.39.36।।

सः he, अभिनीतार्थम् with highly polished meaning, एतावत् up to this extent, वचः words, उक्त्वा having spoken, आवेक्ष्य after looking at them, त्रयः three, त्रयश्शतशतार्धा: three hundred and fifty, मातरः च mothers, ददर्श he saw.

Speaking thus to his mother with highly polished words, he then turned his gaze at his other three hundred and fifty mothers.

ता श्चापि स तथैवार्ता मातृ़र्दशरथात्मजः।

धर्मयुक्तमिदं वाक्यं निजगाद कृताञ्जलिः।।2.39.37।।

सः that, दशरथात्मजः Son of Dasaratha (Rama), तथैव similarly, आर्ताः distressed, ताः those, मातृरपि mothers also, कृताञ्जलिः with folded palms, धर्मयुक्तम् steeped in virtue, इदं वाक्यम् these words, निजगाद uttered.

To all the mothers who stood deeply distressed with grief the son of Dasaratha spoke with folded hands these words suffused with virtue:

संवासात्परुषं किञ्चिदज्ञानाद्वापि यत्कृतम्।

तन्मे समनुजानीत सर्वाश्चामन्त्रयामि वः।।2.39.38।।

संवासात् by virtue of our living together, अज्ञानाद्वा or through ignorance, किञ्चित् even a little, यत् any, परुषम् harsh gesture, कृतम् has been done, मे to me, तत् that, समनुजानीत forgive, वः you, सर्वाः all, आमन्त्रयामि I am seeking leave of you.

If I have been harsh towards you, on account of our living together or through ignorance may you forgive me. I (now) seek leave of you all.

वचनं राघवस्यैतध्दर्मयुक्तं समाहितम्।

शुश्रुवुस्ताः स्त्रियंस्सर्वा श्शोकोपहतचेतसः।।2.39.39।।

ताः those, सर्वाः all, स्त्रियः women, राघवस्य of the descendant of the Raghus (Rama's), धर्मयुक्तम् endowed with virtue, समाहितम् well balanced, एतत् this, वचनम् words, शोकोपहतचेतसः senses afflicted by grief, शुश्रुवुः heard.

All the women with their senses afflicted by grief heard the virtuous and wellbalanced words of the scion of the Raghu race:

जज्ञेऽथ तासां सन्नादः क्रौञ्चीनामिव निस्वनः।

मानवेन्द्रस्य भार्याणामेवं वदति राघवे।।2.39.40।।

राघवे when Rama, एवम् in this way, वदति while he was saying, अथ thereafter, तासाम् of those women, भार्याणाम् of wives, सन्नादः cry, क्रौञ्चीनाम् of female geese (or herons), निस्वन: इव like sound, जज्ञे arose.

While Rama said so, there arose a loud cry of the wives of the king like the cry of the female herons.

मुरजपणवमेघघोषवत्

दशरथवेश्म बभूव यत्पुरा।

विलपितपरिदेवनाकुलं

व्यसनगतं तदभूत्सुदुःखितम्।।2.39.41।।

यत् दशरथवेश्म Dasaratha's palace, पुरा earlier, मुरजपणवमेघघोषवत् reechoed with the sounds of drums and other musical instruments like rumbling of the cloud, तत् that one, विलपितपरिदेवनाकुलम् filled with wailings and lamentations, व्यसनगतम् trapped in calamity, सुदुःखितम् अभूत् was filled with sorrow.

Dasaratha's palace which reverberated, like the rumblings of the cloud, with the sounds of drums and other musical instruments earlier, now immensely griefsticken and trapped in calamity, is filled with wailings and lamentations.
इत्यार्षे श्रीमद्रामायणे वाल्मीकीय आदिकाव्ये अयोध्याकाण्डे एकोनचत्वारिंशस्सर्गः।।
Thus ends the thirtyninth sarga of Ayodhyakanda of the holy Ramayana, the first epic composed by sage Valmiki.